What is one way to become a citizen that is NOT based on place of birth?

Naturalization is the process through which a non-citizen can acquire citizenship in a country, which is not based on place of birth. This process typically involves fulfilling specific requirements set by the government, such as residency for a certain number of years, demonstrating knowledge of the country's language and history, and exhibiting good moral character.

In contrast, jus soli refers to the right of anyone born in the territory of a state to nationality or citizenship, emphasizing place of birth. Birthright citizenship also relates specifically to citizenship granted to individuals at the time of their birth, based on the same principle. International adoption can lead to a change in citizenship as the adopted child may become a citizen of the adopting country, but it does not specifically reflect a method of acquiring citizenship based solely on place of birth either.

Thus, naturalization stands out as the primary method for individuals to become citizens independent of their birthplace, highlighting its role in integrating non-citizens into the civic life of a nation.